There was a significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in atherogenic index in the rats administered citrus fruit juice compared with the control group. The effect of the citrus fruit juices on plasma atherogenic index is presented in Fig. There was a significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in plasma LDL–cholesterol in all the citrus fruit juice groups in relation to the control group. The effect of the citrus fruit juices on plasma LDL–cholesterol level is presented in Fig. There was a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in plasma HDL–cholesterol in all the citrus fruit juice groups in relation to the control group. The effect of citrus fruit juices on plasma HDL–cholesterol level is presented in Fig. There was a decrease in total cholesterol with increased quantities of citrus fruit juices when compared to the controls: grapefruit (80.34 mg/dL vs. The total cholesterol levels in the rats fed a high-cholesterol diet with citrus fruit juices are shown in Fig. In rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, triglyceride levels decreased with increased quantities of citrus fruit juices when compared to the controls ( Fig. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–cholesterol were determined using commercially available kits (Randox Laboratories). The blood was rapidly collected by direct heart puncture and the plasma was prepared. The experiment lasted for 21 days, during which the daily feed intake and weight gain were monitored throughout the experiment that lasted for 21 days, after which the animals were decapitated by cervical dislocation after an overnight fast. Group I was fed basal diet, Group II was fed basal diet containing 2% cholesterol (positive control), Group III was fed basal diet containing 2% cholesterol with 0.3 mg/kg simvastatin, and Groups IV–IX were administered citrus juices of varying concentrations (0.5–2.0 mL) while being constantly fed basal diet plus 2% cholesterol. High cholesterol fed (hypercholesterolemia rat model) bioassayĪfter 2 weeks of acclimatization, the rats were randomly divided into nine groups of six animals each. The objectives of this project were to investigate the hypocholesterolemic effect of two common citrus fruit juices: grapefruit ( Citrus paradisii) and shaddock ( Citrus aurantifolia).Ģ.6. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that catalyses the in vivo conversion of angiotensin I (DRVYIHPFHL), found circulating in the plasma into the potent vasopressor angiotensin II by removal of the C-terminal His–Leu. Flavonoids have been associated with reduced risk of certain chronic diseases and the prevention of certain CVDs. These flavonoids include the polymethoxylated flavones, nobiletin and tangeretin and the flavanones, hesperetin, and naringenin. The major bioactive compounds in citrus juices are flavonoids, which occur in different structural forms in a diversity of plants. Ĭitrus fruit species are one of the most popularly consumed fruits in the world today and they are usually consumed as fresh produce or juice. The development of hypertension and other CVDs have been strongly linked with hypercholesterolemia. CVDs are projected to remain the single leading cause of death worldwide, with 23.3 million sufferers expected by 2030. Of these worldwide deaths, an estimated 78% were due to coronary heart disease and stroke. The inhibition of ACE activity in vitro and in vivo hypocholesterolemic effect of the juices could explain the use of the juices in the management of cardiovascular diseases.Ĭardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are regarded as the number one cause of death worldwide due to the fact that more people die yearly from CVDs than from any other cause, with >80% of CVD deaths taking place in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, administration of the juices to rats fed a high-cholesterol diet caused a significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol levels and an increase in high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol levels. Grapefruit juice had higher total phenol and flavonoid contents than shaddock juice, while both juices inhibited ACE activity in a dose-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of grapefruit and shaddock juices on angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro and the hypocholesterolemic properties of the juices in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Grapefruit ( Citrus paradisii) and shaddock ( Citrus maxima) juices are used in folk medicine for the management of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanism of action by which they exert their therapeutic action is unclear.
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